MONG BIBLIOGRAPHY
(Click here for the PDF Version)
Selected Mong Bibliography (Rev. 7-25-2026)
Articles
Barney, L. & Smalley, W.A. (1953). Third report on Meo (Miao): Orthography and grammar. Mimeo.
Guizhou Nationality Press. (1985). Brief history of the Miao nationality. Guiyang, China: Guizhou Nationality Press.
Hoang Thanh Lan & Phan Thi Van Quyen. (2024). The representation of the Mong ethnic group in the Vietnamese TV drama series “MÙA XUÂN Ở LẠI” (2020). VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 40(4).
https://jfs.ulis.vnu.edu.vn › article › download
Lyman, T.A. (1970, Mar). The “Mong” of Thailand vs. The “Hmong” of Laos. A preliminary research sketch. Asia Aakhanee: Southeast Asian Survey 2(3), 26-28.
Nguyen, T. T. & Trieu, T. T. (2024). Some good culture and belief values of the Mong people in Vietnam. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 4(2): 430-434. See the following link for the article: https://www.multiresearchjournal.com/admin/uploads/archives/archive-1710922240.pdf
Thao, P. (2004, Dec). The Mong American families. Mong Journal (2), 1-22. https://3mong.org/mong-journal.html.
Thao, P. (2004, Sept 4). Brief history of the Mong. https://3mong.org/mong-journal.html (pp. 6).
Thao, P. (2004, Sept 24). Moob lub keebkwm tuablu (Brief history of the Mong). https://3mong.org/mong-journal.html.
Thao, P. & Yang, C. (2004, July). The Mong and the Hmong. Mong Journal (2), 1-13. https://3mong.org/mong-journal.html.
Thao, P. (2000, Sum). "Cevlug rua phoo keebkwm cov Moob ntseeg Yexus (Abstract for Mong Christian history)." Moo Zoo Tshwjxeeb (The Magazine of the Hmong District), 8-10 & 12-13 (pp. 5).
Thao, P. (2000, Sum). "Kx. Xyu Xub Thoj lub keebkwm (Rev. Xuxu Thao's autobiography)." Moo Zoo
Tshwjxeeb (The Magazine of the Hmong District), 15-17 & 21-24.
Thao, P. (1998, Oct 14). Crisis in Mong education: Urgent needs for professional development. ERIC (pp. 13).
Thao, Y. J. (2005, Jun). The Mong traditional wedding. Mong Journal (1), 1-8. https://3mong.org/mong-journal.html.
Thao, Y. J. (2003). Empowering Mong students: Home and school factors. Urban Journal 35(1), 25-42.
Xyooj, X. N. (1989, May). Txooj Moob huv nplajteb (The Mong in the world). Txooj Moob (4). Winfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Webster, L. (1978, Dec 3). Journey of the Miao. Unpublished Paper.
Books
Bernatzik, H.A. (1947). Akha and Miao. Human Relations Area Files.
Cha, T. (2013). Mong China history and heritage preservation. China Gold Printing Group. Download for free at http://mongheritage.org/history.html courtesy of the Author Cha.
Geddes, W.R. (1976). Migrants of the mountains: The cultural ecology of the Blue Miao of Thailand. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976.
Hauvpaug Koomhum Moob (HKM). (n.d.). Cov ntseeg Yexus phoo nkauj (Mong Christian hymnals). Thornton, CO: Hmong District of the Christian and Missionary Alliance.
Hawj, L. S. (n.d.). Tswvyim Moob. Milwaukee, WI: Published by the Author.
Her, S. X. (2022). Moob lub ntuj [Mong world]. (3rd ed). Published by the Author. drsuxun09@gmail.com
Her, S. X. (2023). Vaajtswv hab Moob txivneej [God and Mong males]. Published by the Author. drsuxun09@gmail.com
Hudspeth, W.H. (1939). Stone-gateway and the flowery Miao. London: Cargate Press.
Lyman, T.A. (n.d.). The Mong (Green Miao) and their language: A brief compendium. https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1990/03/JSS_078_1f_Lyman_MongGreenMiaoAndLanguage.pdf
Lyman, T.A. (1962). The Mong Njua: A Meo (Miao) tribe of northern Thailand. Notes on general characteristics (unpublished).
Lyman, T. A. (1976). Ethno-zoology of the Green Miao (Mong Njua) of Naan province, northern Thailand. Napa, CA: Graphics Department, Napa College.
Lyman, T.A. (1979). Grammar of Mong Njua (Green Miao): A descriptive linguistic study. Published by the Author.
Pollard, S. (1909). The history of the Miao. London: Henry Hooks. https://archive.org/stream/MN41738ucmf_1/MN41738ucmf_1_djvu.txt
Savina, F.M. (1924). Histoire des Miao. Paris : Société des Missions Étrangères.
https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha006255622
Schein, L. (2000). Minority rules: The Miao and the feminine in China’s cultural politics. Duke University Press.
Thao, P. (2000). Keebkwm Moob ntseeg Yexus (Mong Christian history) [Written in Mong]. Thornton, CO: Hmong District of the Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA) (pp. 205).
Thao, P. (2000). Keebkwm Hmoob ntseeg Yexus (Hmong Christian history) [Written in Hmong]. Thornton, CO: Hmong District of the Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA) (pp. 205).
Thao, P. (2023). Mong education at the crossroads. (2nd ed). Hamilton Books ~ An Imprint of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. (Now Bloomsbury Publishing)
Thao, P. (1999). Mong education at the crossroads. (1st ed). University Press of America (pp. 163). (Now Bloomsbury Publishing).
Thao, P. (1997). Kevcai siv lug Moob (Foundations of Mong language). Marina, CA: PT Publishing (pp. 124). Available at paoze_thao@yahoo.com. P.O. Box 524, Marina, CA 93933.
Thoj, N. (NtsumLaav). (2026). Moob: Christian apologetics [Tivthaiv kev ntseeg Yexus]. Published by the Author.
Thoj, Ph. (n.d.). Kwvhuam kaabtshoob kevkug Moob [Courtship stories and bride price]. Winfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thoj, Ph. & Xyooj, X. D. (n.d.). Lugnruag txa (Transformation folk tales). Winfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thoj, Ph. & Xyooj, X. N. (n.d.). Lugnruag tsuv (Tiger folktales). Winfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thoj, Ph. (1982). Paajlug Moob (Mong parables). Iowa City: Published by the Author.
Thoj, Ph. & Xyooj, X. N. (1981). Lugnruag dlaab (Ghost folktales). Winfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy.
Thoj, Ph. & Xyooj, X. N. (1984). Kawm ntawv Moob phoo 2 (Mong Primer Book 2). Windfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thoj, X. P. (1983). Paajlug Moob (Mong proverbs). Windfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thoj, X. P. and Xyooj, X. N. (1984). Phoo/Phau kawm koom Moob Leeg/Hmoob Dawb (Mong Leng/Hmong Der primer). Windfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thoj, X. P. (1982). Phoo qha siv lu lug meej hab tsi meej (How to use Mong lexicons correctly). Windfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thao, Y. (2006). The Mong oral tradition: Cultural memory in the absence of written language. McFarland & Co., Inc.
Thao, Y. J. (1996). Mong/Hmong alphabet letters, vowels, and tone markers. Eureka, CA: Delma’s Creation Publisher.
Thao, Y. J. (1992-1996). Children’s language arts and science big books. Eureka, CA: Delma’s Creation Publisher.
Trueba, H.T. & Zou, Y. (1994). Power in education: The case of the Miao university students and its significance for American culture. The Falmer Press.
Xiong, X. D. (2011). Memoirs of fierce Battlefields (1959-1975) of Colonel Xay Dang Xiong: A hero’s story of war in Laos. Published by Xeng Djoua Xiong. Email: strongdrum@hotmail.com
Xyooj, L., Xiong, J. & Xiong, N.L. (1983). Mong Leng ~ English Dictionary. Milwaukee, WI: Hetrick Printing, Inc. https://moob.workwithyang.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Mong_Leng_English_Dictionary_revised.pdf
Xyooj, X. N. & Thoj, T. K. (1981). Kawm ntawv Moob phoo I (Mong Primer Book 1). Windfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
United Bible Societies. (2000). Txuj moo zoo kws yog Vaajtswv txujlug (The Mong Holy Bible). United Kingdom: The Bible Societies/Harper Collins Publishers Ltd., UK.
Yang, C. (2006). Kawm Ntawv Moob Phoo 1 (Mong Primer 1). Sacramento, CA: Mong Federation, Inc.
Yin, M. (1989). China’s minority nationalities. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
Book Chapters
Thao, P. (2018). Cultural competence issues in counseling and therapy for Asian Americans (Chap. 21). In C.L. Frisby & W.T. O’Donahue. (Eds). Cultural competence in applied psychology: An evaluation of current status and future directions (pp. 515-555). Springer International Publishing AG.
Thao, P. (2008). Cultural transition and adjustment: Experiences of the Mong in the United States. In H. Ling. Emerging voices: Experiences of underrepresented Asian Americans. (pp. 34-51) (Ed.). Rutgers University Press.
Thao, P. (2005). Cultural variation within Southeast Asian American families (Chap. 12). In C. Frisby & C. Reynolds. (Eds). Comprehensive handbook of multicultural school psychology (pp. 173-204). Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thao, P. (1999). Mong linguistic awareness for classroom teachers (Chap. 12). In C.C. Park & M.M. Chi (Eds). Asian American education: Prospects and challenges (pp. 236-262). Bergin & Garvey.
Curricula Materials
Yang, C. (Chair), Thao, P. (ed); Thao, Y. J., Moua, C.C., & Hang, T. (2004, Oct 22). World language: Conceptual framework, scope, and sequence Mong I and II curriculum and course descriptions for Sacramento City Unified School District. Sacramento, CA (pp. 25).
Thao, P. (1988). ‘Mong history’ (A lesson plan, pp. 37-43) in Carl A. Grant & Christine E. Sleeter. Turning on learning: Five approaches for multicultural teaching plans for race, class, gender, and disability. (2nd ed). Ed. by Christine E. Sleeter & Carl A. Grant. Merrill (an imprint of Prentice Hall) (pp. 6).
Thao, P. (Co-Chair & Ed), Vangay, J. (Co-Chair), Vang, T., Yang, B., Lee, P., Vang, H., Yang, C.T & Thao, Y.J. (1998, July 29). Bilingual CLAD/BCLAD Teacher Training Program (BTTP) Module Six: Mong and Hmong Language BTTP Training. Camarillo, CA: Ventura County Superintendent of Schools Office (pp. 31). Online curriculum (See http://mong.ws and click on Curriculum).
Thao, Y. J. (2003). Refugees and immigrants. In C.A. Grant & C.E. Sleeter. (2003). Turning on Learning (pp.151-155). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thao, Y. J. (2001). Culture: The new demographic. In C.E. Sleeter (2001). Cultural difference & power. Multimedia CD-ROM Version. Teachers College Press.
Dictionary
Lyman, T.A. (1976). Dictionary of Mong Njua, A Miao (Meo) language of Southeast Asia. The Hague: Mouton.
Strecker, D. (2021, July 14). Mong Leng – English Dictionary, revised. https://moob.workwithyang.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Mong_Leng_English_Dictionary_revised.pdf
Xiong, L.; Xiong, J.; and Xiong, N.L. (1983). Phoo txhaislug Aakiv-Moob-Aakiv (English-Mong-English dictionary). Milwaukee, WI: Hetrick Printing, Inc.
Theses and Dissertations
Barney, G.L. (1957). Christian: Innovation in Meo culture. [M.A. Thesis, University of Minnesota]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Lee, X. W. (2009). The elementary and middle school principals' role in the involvement of Mong parents in their children’s education. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of the Pacific]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Moua, C.C. (2008). The role of Mong traditional leaders and elders in maintaining elements of their cultural practices and traditions in the United States. [Doctoral Dissertation, Alliant International University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Thao, P. (1994). Mong resettlement in the Chicago area (1978-1987): Educational implications. [Doctoral Dissertation, Loyola University of Chicago]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. Published in an Institutional Repository. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=4449&context=luc_diss
Thao, Y.J. (2002). The voices of Mong elders: Living, knowing, teaching, and learning within oral tradition. [Doctoral Dissertation, Claremont Graduate University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Thao, Y.J. (1999). Multicultural learning environment for Mong children in the California north coast: Home and school collaboration. [M.A. Thesis, California State University Monterey Bay]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Yang, C.T. (1999). Parent-child conflict within the Mong/Hmong family. [M.A. Thesis, California State University, Sacramento]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Newsletter
Thao, P. (2001, May). The Channel. National Association for the Education and Advancement of Cambodian, Laotian, and Vietnamese Americans (NAFEA). Ed. by Paoze Thao. Spring Issue.
Videos
Baonghean.vn. (2018, Dec. 18). The unique blacksmithing craft of the Mong people in Nghe ...
Lee-Thao, C. (2025, Jul 25). Interview with Dr. Paoze Thao for the MN Zejzog on the Historical Development of the Mong RPA Project (1 hr 45 min.).
Laodong.vn. (2025, Jan 2). Unique sound from Mong flute in Yen Bai
Thao, S. (n.d.). Lug nyaj lug kub qha Moob ua-neej sishlub. By Moob NpauSuav [Video-recording]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZkVCGRN1DxI
Thao, P. (1999). Mong education at the crossroads: Needs for professional development [Video-recording]. Seaside, CA: California State University, Monterey Bay.
Thao, P. (1999). History of Mong education [Video-recording]. Seaside, CA: California State University, Monterey Bay.
Thao, P. (2025, Aug 23). Thaam txug keebkwm tsimtsaj ntawv Lastees (Historical development of the Mong/Hmong RPA System). Concordia University, St. Paul, Minnesota. Hmong Twin Cities News (1.07 hr. in Duration).
Thao, S. (1995). Ncu txug txajntsig Moob I (Commemoration of Mong Veterans I) [Video-Recording]. Fresno, CA: ST Universal Studio.
Thao, S. (1996). Ncu txug txajntsig Moob II (Commemoration of Mong Veterans II) [Video-Recording]. Fresno, CA: ST Universal Studio.
Thao, Y. J. (2000). Mong programs [Video-recording]. Claremont, CA: Claremont Graduate University.
Thao, Y. J. (2001). The Mong oral tradition [Video-recording]. Claremont, CA: Claremont Graduate University.
Xiong, Z. B. (2025, Aug 23). 1st expert panel review on RPA. Concordia University, St. Paul, MN. Hmong Twin Cities News (2.33 hrs. in Duration).
YouTube. Ha giang TV. (2023, May 13). Traditional culture of Mong people in Ngoc Linh - May 13, 2023
Websites on the Mong
3mong.org. (2024). https://3mong.org/index.html contains resources and information on the Mong:
Purpose and Goals
Brief History of the Mong
Mong Journal
Publications
Mong RPA (Romanized Popular Alphabets)
Mong Primer (download for free)
Mong curriculum (university and high school level), and
Resources
Mong heritage.org. (n.d.). http://www.mongheritage.org/
HOME PAGE
EVENTS
HISTORY
STORIES
CULTURE
FAITH & VALUE
DNA STUDIES
Oreonlive. The Oregonian. (2013, Sept. 13). Hmong vs. Mong: Both are correct but refer to different groups.
Nhan Dang Culture. (n.d.). The Mong. http://www.nhandan.org.vn/english/identity/19990511.html.
Vietnam : Image de la communauté de 54 groupes ethniques. (n.d.). Les Mong.
http://www.vncuisine.com/54DANTOC/mong.html,
Vietnam Law & Forum. (2007, Jan. 30). Traditions ~ The “Mong” people and their conventions.
Rev. by Thao, P., July 25, 2026
(Click here for the PDF Version)
Selected Mong Bibliography (Rev. 7-25-2026)
Articles
Barney, L. & Smalley, W.A. (1953). Third report on Meo (Miao): Orthography and grammar. Mimeo.
Guizhou Nationality Press. (1985). Brief history of the Miao nationality. Guiyang, China: Guizhou Nationality Press.
Hoang Thanh Lan & Phan Thi Van Quyen. (2024). The representation of the Mong ethnic group in the Vietnamese TV drama series “MÙA XUÂN Ở LẠI” (2020). VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 40(4).
https://jfs.ulis.vnu.edu.vn › article › download
Lyman, T.A. (1970, Mar). The “Mong” of Thailand vs. The “Hmong” of Laos. A preliminary research sketch. Asia Aakhanee: Southeast Asian Survey 2(3), 26-28.
Nguyen, T. T. & Trieu, T. T. (2024). Some good culture and belief values of the Mong people in Vietnam. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 4(2): 430-434. See the following link for the article: https://www.multiresearchjournal.com/admin/uploads/archives/archive-1710922240.pdf
Thao, P. (2004, Dec). The Mong American families. Mong Journal (2), 1-22. https://3mong.org/mong-journal.html.
Thao, P. (2004, Sept 4). Brief history of the Mong. https://3mong.org/mong-journal.html (pp. 6).
Thao, P. (2004, Sept 24). Moob lub keebkwm tuablu (Brief history of the Mong). https://3mong.org/mong-journal.html.
Thao, P. & Yang, C. (2004, July). The Mong and the Hmong. Mong Journal (2), 1-13. https://3mong.org/mong-journal.html.
Thao, P. (2000, Sum). "Cevlug rua phoo keebkwm cov Moob ntseeg Yexus (Abstract for Mong Christian history)." Moo Zoo Tshwjxeeb (The Magazine of the Hmong District), 8-10 & 12-13 (pp. 5).
Thao, P. (2000, Sum). "Kx. Xyu Xub Thoj lub keebkwm (Rev. Xuxu Thao's autobiography)." Moo Zoo
Tshwjxeeb (The Magazine of the Hmong District), 15-17 & 21-24.
Thao, P. (1998, Oct 14). Crisis in Mong education: Urgent needs for professional development. ERIC (pp. 13).
Thao, Y. J. (2005, Jun). The Mong traditional wedding. Mong Journal (1), 1-8. https://3mong.org/mong-journal.html.
Thao, Y. J. (2003). Empowering Mong students: Home and school factors. Urban Journal 35(1), 25-42.
Xyooj, X. N. (1989, May). Txooj Moob huv nplajteb (The Mong in the world). Txooj Moob (4). Winfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Webster, L. (1978, Dec 3). Journey of the Miao. Unpublished Paper.
Books
Bernatzik, H.A. (1947). Akha and Miao. Human Relations Area Files.
Cha, T. (2013). Mong China history and heritage preservation. China Gold Printing Group. Download for free at http://mongheritage.org/history.html courtesy of the Author Cha.
Geddes, W.R. (1976). Migrants of the mountains: The cultural ecology of the Blue Miao of Thailand. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976.
Hauvpaug Koomhum Moob (HKM). (n.d.). Cov ntseeg Yexus phoo nkauj (Mong Christian hymnals). Thornton, CO: Hmong District of the Christian and Missionary Alliance.
Hawj, L. S. (n.d.). Tswvyim Moob. Milwaukee, WI: Published by the Author.
Her, S. X. (2022). Moob lub ntuj [Mong world]. (3rd ed). Published by the Author. drsuxun09@gmail.com
Her, S. X. (2023). Vaajtswv hab Moob txivneej [God and Mong males]. Published by the Author. drsuxun09@gmail.com
Hudspeth, W.H. (1939). Stone-gateway and the flowery Miao. London: Cargate Press.
Lyman, T.A. (n.d.). The Mong (Green Miao) and their language: A brief compendium. https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1990/03/JSS_078_1f_Lyman_MongGreenMiaoAndLanguage.pdf
Lyman, T.A. (1962). The Mong Njua: A Meo (Miao) tribe of northern Thailand. Notes on general characteristics (unpublished).
Lyman, T. A. (1976). Ethno-zoology of the Green Miao (Mong Njua) of Naan province, northern Thailand. Napa, CA: Graphics Department, Napa College.
Lyman, T.A. (1979). Grammar of Mong Njua (Green Miao): A descriptive linguistic study. Published by the Author.
Pollard, S. (1909). The history of the Miao. London: Henry Hooks. https://archive.org/stream/MN41738ucmf_1/MN41738ucmf_1_djvu.txt
Savina, F.M. (1924). Histoire des Miao. Paris : Société des Missions Étrangères.
https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha006255622
Schein, L. (2000). Minority rules: The Miao and the feminine in China’s cultural politics. Duke University Press.
Thao, P. (2000). Keebkwm Moob ntseeg Yexus (Mong Christian history) [Written in Mong]. Thornton, CO: Hmong District of the Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA) (pp. 205).
Thao, P. (2000). Keebkwm Hmoob ntseeg Yexus (Hmong Christian history) [Written in Hmong]. Thornton, CO: Hmong District of the Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA) (pp. 205).
Thao, P. (2023). Mong education at the crossroads. (2nd ed). Hamilton Books ~ An Imprint of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. (Now Bloomsbury Publishing)
Thao, P. (1999). Mong education at the crossroads. (1st ed). University Press of America (pp. 163). (Now Bloomsbury Publishing).
Thao, P. (1997). Kevcai siv lug Moob (Foundations of Mong language). Marina, CA: PT Publishing (pp. 124). Available at paoze_thao@yahoo.com. P.O. Box 524, Marina, CA 93933.
Thoj, N. (NtsumLaav). (2026). Moob: Christian apologetics [Tivthaiv kev ntseeg Yexus]. Published by the Author.
Thoj, Ph. (n.d.). Kwvhuam kaabtshoob kevkug Moob [Courtship stories and bride price]. Winfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thoj, Ph. & Xyooj, X. D. (n.d.). Lugnruag txa (Transformation folk tales). Winfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thoj, Ph. & Xyooj, X. N. (n.d.). Lugnruag tsuv (Tiger folktales). Winfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thoj, Ph. (1982). Paajlug Moob (Mong parables). Iowa City: Published by the Author.
Thoj, Ph. & Xyooj, X. N. (1981). Lugnruag dlaab (Ghost folktales). Winfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy.
Thoj, Ph. & Xyooj, X. N. (1984). Kawm ntawv Moob phoo 2 (Mong Primer Book 2). Windfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thoj, X. P. (1983). Paajlug Moob (Mong proverbs). Windfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thoj, X. P. and Xyooj, X. N. (1984). Phoo/Phau kawm koom Moob Leeg/Hmoob Dawb (Mong Leng/Hmong Der primer). Windfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thoj, X. P. (1982). Phoo qha siv lu lug meej hab tsi meej (How to use Mong lexicons correctly). Windfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
Thao, Y. (2006). The Mong oral tradition: Cultural memory in the absence of written language. McFarland & Co., Inc.
Thao, Y. J. (1996). Mong/Hmong alphabet letters, vowels, and tone markers. Eureka, CA: Delma’s Creation Publisher.
Thao, Y. J. (1992-1996). Children’s language arts and science big books. Eureka, CA: Delma’s Creation Publisher.
Trueba, H.T. & Zou, Y. (1994). Power in education: The case of the Miao university students and its significance for American culture. The Falmer Press.
Xiong, X. D. (2011). Memoirs of fierce Battlefields (1959-1975) of Colonel Xay Dang Xiong: A hero’s story of war in Laos. Published by Xeng Djoua Xiong. Email: strongdrum@hotmail.com
Xyooj, L., Xiong, J. & Xiong, N.L. (1983). Mong Leng ~ English Dictionary. Milwaukee, WI: Hetrick Printing, Inc. https://moob.workwithyang.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Mong_Leng_English_Dictionary_revised.pdf
Xyooj, X. N. & Thoj, T. K. (1981). Kawm ntawv Moob phoo I (Mong Primer Book 1). Windfield, IL: Mong Volunteer Literacy, Inc.
United Bible Societies. (2000). Txuj moo zoo kws yog Vaajtswv txujlug (The Mong Holy Bible). United Kingdom: The Bible Societies/Harper Collins Publishers Ltd., UK.
Yang, C. (2006). Kawm Ntawv Moob Phoo 1 (Mong Primer 1). Sacramento, CA: Mong Federation, Inc.
Yin, M. (1989). China’s minority nationalities. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
Book Chapters
Thao, P. (2018). Cultural competence issues in counseling and therapy for Asian Americans (Chap. 21). In C.L. Frisby & W.T. O’Donahue. (Eds). Cultural competence in applied psychology: An evaluation of current status and future directions (pp. 515-555). Springer International Publishing AG.
Thao, P. (2008). Cultural transition and adjustment: Experiences of the Mong in the United States. In H. Ling. Emerging voices: Experiences of underrepresented Asian Americans. (pp. 34-51) (Ed.). Rutgers University Press.
Thao, P. (2005). Cultural variation within Southeast Asian American families (Chap. 12). In C. Frisby & C. Reynolds. (Eds). Comprehensive handbook of multicultural school psychology (pp. 173-204). Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thao, P. (1999). Mong linguistic awareness for classroom teachers (Chap. 12). In C.C. Park & M.M. Chi (Eds). Asian American education: Prospects and challenges (pp. 236-262). Bergin & Garvey.
Curricula Materials
Yang, C. (Chair), Thao, P. (ed); Thao, Y. J., Moua, C.C., & Hang, T. (2004, Oct 22). World language: Conceptual framework, scope, and sequence Mong I and II curriculum and course descriptions for Sacramento City Unified School District. Sacramento, CA (pp. 25).
Thao, P. (1988). ‘Mong history’ (A lesson plan, pp. 37-43) in Carl A. Grant & Christine E. Sleeter. Turning on learning: Five approaches for multicultural teaching plans for race, class, gender, and disability. (2nd ed). Ed. by Christine E. Sleeter & Carl A. Grant. Merrill (an imprint of Prentice Hall) (pp. 6).
Thao, P. (Co-Chair & Ed), Vangay, J. (Co-Chair), Vang, T., Yang, B., Lee, P., Vang, H., Yang, C.T & Thao, Y.J. (1998, July 29). Bilingual CLAD/BCLAD Teacher Training Program (BTTP) Module Six: Mong and Hmong Language BTTP Training. Camarillo, CA: Ventura County Superintendent of Schools Office (pp. 31). Online curriculum (See http://mong.ws and click on Curriculum).
Thao, Y. J. (2003). Refugees and immigrants. In C.A. Grant & C.E. Sleeter. (2003). Turning on Learning (pp.151-155). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thao, Y. J. (2001). Culture: The new demographic. In C.E. Sleeter (2001). Cultural difference & power. Multimedia CD-ROM Version. Teachers College Press.
Dictionary
Lyman, T.A. (1976). Dictionary of Mong Njua, A Miao (Meo) language of Southeast Asia. The Hague: Mouton.
Strecker, D. (2021, July 14). Mong Leng – English Dictionary, revised. https://moob.workwithyang.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Mong_Leng_English_Dictionary_revised.pdf
Xiong, L.; Xiong, J.; and Xiong, N.L. (1983). Phoo txhaislug Aakiv-Moob-Aakiv (English-Mong-English dictionary). Milwaukee, WI: Hetrick Printing, Inc.
Theses and Dissertations
Barney, G.L. (1957). Christian: Innovation in Meo culture. [M.A. Thesis, University of Minnesota]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Lee, X. W. (2009). The elementary and middle school principals' role in the involvement of Mong parents in their children’s education. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of the Pacific]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Moua, C.C. (2008). The role of Mong traditional leaders and elders in maintaining elements of their cultural practices and traditions in the United States. [Doctoral Dissertation, Alliant International University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Thao, P. (1994). Mong resettlement in the Chicago area (1978-1987): Educational implications. [Doctoral Dissertation, Loyola University of Chicago]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. Published in an Institutional Repository. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=4449&context=luc_diss
Thao, Y.J. (2002). The voices of Mong elders: Living, knowing, teaching, and learning within oral tradition. [Doctoral Dissertation, Claremont Graduate University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Thao, Y.J. (1999). Multicultural learning environment for Mong children in the California north coast: Home and school collaboration. [M.A. Thesis, California State University Monterey Bay]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Yang, C.T. (1999). Parent-child conflict within the Mong/Hmong family. [M.A. Thesis, California State University, Sacramento]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Newsletter
Thao, P. (2001, May). The Channel. National Association for the Education and Advancement of Cambodian, Laotian, and Vietnamese Americans (NAFEA). Ed. by Paoze Thao. Spring Issue.
Videos
Baonghean.vn. (2018, Dec. 18). The unique blacksmithing craft of the Mong people in Nghe ...
Lee-Thao, C. (2025, Jul 25). Interview with Dr. Paoze Thao for the MN Zejzog on the Historical Development of the Mong RPA Project (1 hr 45 min.).
Laodong.vn. (2025, Jan 2). Unique sound from Mong flute in Yen Bai
Thao, S. (n.d.). Lug nyaj lug kub qha Moob ua-neej sishlub. By Moob NpauSuav [Video-recording]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZkVCGRN1DxI
Thao, P. (1999). Mong education at the crossroads: Needs for professional development [Video-recording]. Seaside, CA: California State University, Monterey Bay.
Thao, P. (1999). History of Mong education [Video-recording]. Seaside, CA: California State University, Monterey Bay.
Thao, P. (2025, Aug 23). Thaam txug keebkwm tsimtsaj ntawv Lastees (Historical development of the Mong/Hmong RPA System). Concordia University, St. Paul, Minnesota. Hmong Twin Cities News (1.07 hr. in Duration).
Thao, S. (1995). Ncu txug txajntsig Moob I (Commemoration of Mong Veterans I) [Video-Recording]. Fresno, CA: ST Universal Studio.
Thao, S. (1996). Ncu txug txajntsig Moob II (Commemoration of Mong Veterans II) [Video-Recording]. Fresno, CA: ST Universal Studio.
Thao, Y. J. (2000). Mong programs [Video-recording]. Claremont, CA: Claremont Graduate University.
Thao, Y. J. (2001). The Mong oral tradition [Video-recording]. Claremont, CA: Claremont Graduate University.
Xiong, Z. B. (2025, Aug 23). 1st expert panel review on RPA. Concordia University, St. Paul, MN. Hmong Twin Cities News (2.33 hrs. in Duration).
YouTube. Ha giang TV. (2023, May 13). Traditional culture of Mong people in Ngoc Linh - May 13, 2023
Websites on the Mong
3mong.org. (2024). https://3mong.org/index.html contains resources and information on the Mong:
Purpose and Goals
Brief History of the Mong
Mong Journal
Publications
Mong RPA (Romanized Popular Alphabets)
Mong Primer (download for free)
Mong curriculum (university and high school level), and
Resources
Mong heritage.org. (n.d.). http://www.mongheritage.org/
HOME PAGE
EVENTS
HISTORY
STORIES
CULTURE
FAITH & VALUE
DNA STUDIES
Oreonlive. The Oregonian. (2013, Sept. 13). Hmong vs. Mong: Both are correct but refer to different groups.
Nhan Dang Culture. (n.d.). The Mong. http://www.nhandan.org.vn/english/identity/19990511.html.
Vietnam : Image de la communauté de 54 groupes ethniques. (n.d.). Les Mong.
http://www.vncuisine.com/54DANTOC/mong.html,
Vietnam Law & Forum. (2007, Jan. 30). Traditions ~ The “Mong” people and their conventions.
Rev. by Thao, P., July 25, 2026